Python Type Conversions

Type Conversion

In Python, data can exist in different forms — like strings, integers, floats, or booleans. Sometimes, you may need to convert one type into another. This process is called type conversion or type casting.

Types of Type Conversion

Python supports two main types of conversions:

1. Implicit Type Conversion – automatically handled by Python
2. Explicit Type Conversion – done manually by the programmer

Implicit Type Conversion

Python automatically promotes compatible data types during operations. For example, it promotes an int to a float when needed.

x = 5
y = 2.0
result = x + y
print(result)
print(type(result))

7.0
<class 'float'>

In the example above, x is an integer and y is a floating-point number. When added together, Python automatically converts x to a float, so the result is also a float: 7.0. The type() function confirms this by outputting <class 'float'>.

Explicit Type Conversion

This is where you take control using Python’s built-in conversion functions. Let’s explore them one by one.

Function	Description
int()	Converts to integer
float()	Converts to float
bool()	Converts to boolean
str()	Converts to string

Convert String to Integer

s = "123"
num = int(s)
print(num)
print(type(num))

123
<class 'int'>

In this example, the string "123" is successfully converted into the integer 123. The type() function confirms that num is now an int, not a str.

What If the String Is Not a Number?

Be careful — if the string is not a valid integer, Python throws a ValueError.

s = "abc"
num = int(s)  # This will crash

ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: 'abc'

Convert String to Float

s = "12.34"
f = float(s)
print(f)
print(type(f))

12.34
<class 'float'>

Convert String to Boolean

In Python, any non-empty string is considered True. An empty string is False.

print(bool("hello"))   # True
print(bool(""))        # False

True
False

Convert Number to String

Converting a number to string is often needed while building messages, filenames, or storing data.

age = 25
text = "I am " + str(age) + " years old"
print(text)

I am 25 years old

Convert Float to Integer

When you convert a float to an int, it chops off everything after the decimal point. It doesn’t round — it truncates.

value = 3.99
print(int(value))

3

Using type() to Verify

Always verify what type you are working with using type(). It helps avoid confusion and bugs.

x = "123"
print(type(x))       # Before conversion
x = int(x)
print(type(x))       # After conversion

<class 'str'>
<class 'int'>

Why Do We Need Type Conversion?

Imagine asking Python to add a number and a string — it won’t make sense unless both are of the same type. Type conversion allows us to:

• Handle user input correctly (which is always a string)
• Perform mathematical operations
• Clean and process data
• Work with files, databases, or external APIs

Best Practices

• Validate your string data before converting to numbers.
• Use try-except blocks to handle conversion errors.
• Don’t assume an empty string is None — it’s False in a boolean context, but still a valid string.