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Python BasicsPython Basics11
❯

  1. 1Introduction to Python
  2. 2Python Hello World Program
  3. 3Python Comments Explained - Beginner’s Guide with Examples
  4. 4Python Variables
  5. 5Python Constants
  6. 6Python Data Types
  7. 7Python Strings
  8. 8Python Type Conversions
  9. 9Python Basic Input and Output - Learn to Take User Input and Print Output
  10. 10Python Operators
  11. 11Python Operator Precedence – Evaluation Order with Examples

Python Flow ControlPython Flow Control5
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  1. 1Python Conditional Statements
  2. 2Python Loops
  3. 3Python For Loop
  4. 4Python While Loop
  5. 5Python Break and Continue

Python CollectionsPython Collections5
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  1. 1Introduction to Python Collections
  2. 2Python Lists
  3. 3Python Dictionaries
  4. 4Python Tuples
  5. 5Python Sets

Python FunctionsPython Functions4
❯

  1. 1Python Functions
  2. 2Python Functions with Parameters
  3. 3Python main() Function
  4. 4Python Lambda Functions

Python File HandlingPython File Handling1
❯

  1. 1Python File Operations – Read, Write, Update & Delete Files

Python Exception HandlingPython Exception Handling3
❯

  1. 1What Are Python Exceptions?
  2. 2Python Exception Handling
  3. 3Python Custom Exceptions

Python OOPsPython OOPs5
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  1. 1Python Object-Oriented Programming
  2. 2Python Inheritance
  3. 3Python Multiple Inheritance
  4. 4Python Encapsulation
  5. 5Python Polymorphism

Python Advanced ConceptsPython Advanced Concepts5
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  1. 1Python List Comprehension
  2. 2Python Iterators
  3. 3Python Generators
  4. 4Python Closures
  5. 5Python Decorators

Python LibrariesPython Libraries3
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  1. 1Python Email Tutorial
  2. 2Python JSON Tutorial – Parse, Read, Write & Handle JSON in Python
  3. 3Python datetime Tutorial - Working with Dates and Times in Python

Python ReferencePython Reference2
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  1. 1Python Built-in Functions
  2. 3Python String Methods

Python Built-in FunctionsPython Built-in Functions0
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    Python String MethodsPython String Methods0
    ❯

      ProgramGuru

      Python pow() Function – Raise a Number to a Power

      Python pow() Function

      The pow() function in Python returns the value of a number raised to a given power. It can also return the result modulo another number. This makes it very useful in both basic arithmetic and advanced algorithms like cryptography.

      Syntax

      pow(base, exponent[, modulus])

      Parameters:

      • base – The number to be raised (required)
      • exponent – The power to raise the base to (required)
      • modulus – The number to divide the result by and return remainder (optional)

      Returns:

      • If 2 arguments: base ** exponent
      • If 3 arguments: (base ** exponent) % modulus

      Example 1: Basic Power Calculation

      print(pow(2, 3))
      8

      Example 2: Power with Negative Exponent

      print(pow(2, -2))
      0.25

      Example 3: Power with Modulus

      print(pow(2, 3, 5))
      3

      This returns (2**3) % 5 = 8 % 5 = 3.

      Use Cases

      • Quickly raise a number to a power
      • Perform modular exponentiation efficiently (especially in large number computations)
      • Used in cryptographic algorithms like RSA

      Important Notes

      • pow(a, b, c) is more efficient than (a ** b) % c
      • If modulus is provided, all values must be integers
      • For floating-point results, omit the modulus

      Common Mistakes

      • Using pow() with three arguments and passing floats — will raise TypeError
      • Forgetting to use ** instead of ^ for exponentiation (Python uses ^ as bitwise XOR)

      Interview Tip

      In competitive programming and coding interviews, pow(a, b, c) is a fast and safe way to compute large powers under a modulus, avoiding overflow errors.

      Summary

      • pow(x, y) returns x**y
      • pow(x, y, z) returns (x**y) % z efficiently
      • Useful in math, encryption, and large number problems

      Practice Problem

      Write a program to compute the last digit of ab for given input values:

      a = int(input("Enter base: "))
b = int(input("Enter exponent: "))
print("Last digit is:", pow(a, b, 10))

      Python Built-in Functions❯

      1. 1Python aiter() Function – Get Async Iterator in Python
      2. 2Python all() Function – Check If All Elements Are True
      3. 3Python anext() Function – Get Next Item from Async Iterator
      4. 4Python any() Function – Check if Any Element is True
      5. 5Python ascii() Function – Get ASCII Representation of Objects
      6. 6Python bin() Function – Convert Integer to Binary String
      7. 7Python bool() Function – Convert to Boolean
      8. 8Python breakpoint() Function – Add Debug Points in Your Code
      9. 9Python bytearray() Function – Create and Modify Binary Data
      10. 10Python bytes() Function – Create Immutable Byte Objects
      11. 11Python callable() Function – Check If Object Is Callable
      12. 12Python chr() Function – Get Character from Unicode Code Point
      13. 13Python classmethod() Function – Convert Method to Class Method
      14. 14Python compile() Function – Compile Source Code at Runtime
      15. 15Python complex() Function – Create Complex Numbers Easily
      16. 16Python delattr() Function – Delete Attribute from Object
      17. 17Python dict() Function – Create and Use Dictionaries Easily
      18. 18Python dir() Function – List Attributes of Objects
      19. 19Python divmod() Function – Quotient and Remainder in One Go
      20. 20Python enumerate() Function – Loop with Index Easily
      21. 21Python eval() Function – Evaluate Expressions from Strings
      22. 22Python exec() Function – Execute Dynamic Python Code
      23. 23Python filter() Function – Filter Items in a List
      24. 24Python float() Function – Convert to Floating Point Number
      25. 25Python format() Function – Format Strings Easily
      26. 26Python frozenset() Function – Create Immutable Sets
      27. 27Python getattr() Function – Access Object Attributes Dynamically
      28. 28Python globals() Function – Access Global Symbol Table
      29. 29Python hasattr() Function – Check If an Object Has an Attribute
      30. 30Python hash() Function – Generate Hash Values of Objects
      31. 31Python help() Function – Get Help on Python Functions, Classes, and Modules
      32. 32Python hex() Function – Convert Integer to Hexadecimal
      33. 33Python id() Function – Get Memory Address of an Object
      34. 34Python input() Function – Get User Input Easily
      35. 35Python int() Function – Convert to Integer
      36. 36Python isinstance() Function – Check Type of a Variable
      37. 37Python issubclass() Function – Check Class Inheritance
      38. 38Python iter() Function – Create an Iterator from Iterable
      39. 39Python len() Function – Get the Length of Strings, Lists, and More
      40. 40Python list() Function – Convert Data to a List
      41. 41Python locals() Function – Get Local Symbol Table as a Dictionary
      42. 42Python map() Function – Apply a Function to Each Element
      43. 43Python max() Function – Find the Largest Value
      44. 44Python memoryview() Function – Work With Binary Data Efficiently
      45. 45Python min() Function – Find the Smallest Value
      46. 46Python next() Function – Retrieve Next Item from an Iterator
      47. 47Python object() Function – Base Object Constructor Explained
      48. 48Python oct() Function – Convert Number to Octal
      49. 49Python open() Function – Read, Write, and Create Files Easily
      50. 50Python ord() Function – Get Unicode Code of a Character
      51. 51Python pow() Function – Raise a Number to a Power
      52. 52Python print() Function – Print Output to the Console
      53. 53Python property() Function – Create Managed Attributes
      54. 54Python range() Function – Generate Number Sequences Easily
      55. 55Python repr() Function – Get String Representation of an Object
      56. 56Python reversed() Function – Reverse Iterables Easily
      57. 57Python round() Function – Round Numbers to Nearest Integer or Decimal Places
      58. 58Python set() Function – Create a Set from Iterable
      59. 59Python setattr() Function – Dynamically Set Object Attributes
      60. 60Python slice() Function – Create Slice Objects for Lists and Strings
      61. 61Python sorted() Function – Sort Any Iterable Easily
      62. 62Python staticmethod() Function – Create Static Methods in Classes
      63. 63Python str() Function – Convert to String Easily
      64. 64Python sum() Function – Add Items of an Iterable
      65. 65Python super() Function – Call Parent Class Methods
      66. 66Python tuple() Function – Create a Tuple from Iterable
      67. 67Python type() Function – Get the Type of an Object
      68. 68Python vars() Function – View Object’s Attributes
      69. 69Python zip() Function – Combine Iterables Element-Wise
      70. 70Python __import__() Function – Dynamic Module Import
      71. 71Python str.format() – Format Strings Easily with Placeholders
      72. 72Python String format_map() – Format Strings with a Mapping

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