JavaScript Variables
var, let, const

Introduction to JavaScript Variables

Variables are the building blocks of any programming language. In JavaScript, they act as containers for storing data values — from simple numbers to complex objects. Knowing how to declare, manage, and scope variables is crucial for writing clean and functional code.

Declaring Variables in JavaScript

JavaScript provides three main keywords to declare variables:

• var – the old-school way
• let – the modern and preferred approach
• const – for constants whose value should never change

Using var

var name = "Alice";
console.log(name);

Alice

var has function scope and allows redeclaration. However, it can lead to confusion due to hoisting, which we’ll cover shortly.

Using let

let age = 25;
console.log(age);

25

let supports block-level scoping and prevents redeclaration within the same scope. It is the most commonly used declaration in modern JavaScript.

Using const

const PI = 3.14159;
console.log(PI);

3.14159

const also follows block scoping but, unlike let, it must be initialized during declaration and cannot be reassigned later.

Variable Naming Rules

• Variable names are case-sensitive.
• They can include letters, digits, underscores, and dollar signs.
• They must begin with a letter, underscore, or dollar sign.
• Keywords like if, function, return cannot be used as variable names.

Scope of Variables

Scope determines the accessibility of variables:

• Global Scope: Accessible anywhere in the script.
• Function Scope: Declared with var inside a function – only accessible within that function.
• Block Scope: Declared with let or const – accessible only within that block { }.

Example of Scope

function testVar() {
  if (true) {
    var a = "I'm using var";
    let b = "I'm using let";
  }
  console.log(a); // Works
  console.log(b); // Error: b is not defined
}
testVar();

I'm using var
ReferenceError: b is not defined

Hoisting in JavaScript

Variables declared with var are hoisted to the top of their scope and initialized with undefined. But variables declared with let and const are hoisted too, yet not initialized — leading to a temporal dead zone.

Variables declared with var

console.log(a);
var a = 10;

undefined

Variables declared with let

console.log(b);
let b = 20;

ReferenceError: Cannot access 'b' before initialization

Re-declaration & Re-assignment

var allows both redeclaration and reassignment:

var x = 5;
var x = 10; // Redeclaration allowed
x = 20;     // Reassignment allowed

let allows reassignment but not redeclaration within the same scope:

let y = 30;
let y = 40; //Error: Identifier 'y' has already been declared
y = 50;

Error: Identifier 'y' has already been declared

const allows neither:

const z = 60;
const z = 70; // Error: Identifier 'z' has already been declared
z = 80;       // Error: Assignment to constant variable

// Error: Identifier 'z' has already been declared

Constants with Objects and Arrays

With const, while reassignment isn’t allowed, you can still mutate the internal values of objects or arrays.

const person = { name: "John" };
person.name = "Jane"; // Allowed
console.log(person.name);

Jane

const nums = [1, 2, 3];
nums.push(4);
console.log(nums);

[1, 2, 3, 4]

Best Practices

• Always prefer let or const over var.
• Use const by default — switch to let only if you need reassignment.
• Choose meaningful variable names that describe the data they hold.
• Keep variables scoped tightly to where they are needed — this helps in avoiding bugs and improves readability.

Common Mistakes to Avoid

• Using var and expecting block scoping — it doesn’t behave like let or const.
• Not initializing const during declaration.
• Confusing reassignment with mutation in const objects.

Summary

JavaScript variables are flexible, but choosing the right keyword — let or const — and understanding their behavior ensures robust code. While var still works, modern JavaScript avoids it due to scoping quirks. Mastering variables is one of the first steps toward writing clean, predictable, and powerful JavaScript code.