JavaScript
Classes and Inheritance

What are Classes in JavaScript?

JavaScript classes are a syntactic sugar introduced in ES6 to write object-oriented code more cleanly. Under the hood, classes use prototypes, but they make the code easier to understand and maintain.

Defining a Class

A class is defined using the class keyword followed by a constructor and methods.

class Person {
  constructor(name, age) {
    this.name = name;
    this.age = age;
  }

  greet() {
    console.log(`Hello, my name is ${this.name} and I am ${this.age} years old.`);
  }
}

const john = new Person("John", 30);
john.greet();

Hello, my name is John and I am 30 years old.

How does the constructor work?

The constructor is a special method called automatically when a new object is created using the new keyword. It is used to initialize object properties.

Adding Methods to Classes

Any method defined inside the class (but outside the constructor) is added to the prototype of the object, making it memory-efficient.

Why use classes instead of functions?

Classes offer a more intuitive, object-oriented way to structure code—especially for beginners. They group constructor logic and behavior into a single block, improving readability and reuse.

Inheritance in JavaScript

Inheritance allows a class to acquire properties and methods from another class. This promotes code reuse and helps model real-world hierarchies.

Use the extends keyword to inherit from a parent class, and super() to call the parent class constructor.

class Animal {
  constructor(name) {
    this.name = name;
  }

  makeSound() {
    console.log("Some generic animal sound");
  }
}

class Dog extends Animal {
  constructor(name, breed) {
    super(name); // call to parent constructor
    this.breed = breed;
  }

  makeSound() {
    console.log("Woof! Woof!");
  }

  getDetails() {
    console.log(`${this.name} is a ${this.breed}`);
  }
}

const tommy = new Dog("Tommy", "Labrador");
tommy.makeSound();
tommy.getDetails();

Woof! Woof!
Tommy is a Labrador

Q: What happens if you don't call super() in the child class?

A: You’ll get a reference error. The child class must call super() before accessing this keyword.

Example: Multiple Methods and Inheritance

Let’s take another real-world example where a Vehicle class is extended by Car class.

class Vehicle {
  constructor(type) {
    this.type = type;
  }

  startEngine() {
    console.log(`${this.type} engine started.`);
  }
}

class Car extends Vehicle {
  constructor(type, brand) {
    super(type);
    this.brand = brand;
  }

  displayInfo() {
    console.log(`This is a ${this.brand} ${this.type}.`);
  }
}

const myCar = new Car("car", "Toyota");
myCar.startEngine();
myCar.displayInfo();

car engine started.
This is a Toyota car.

Benefits of Using Classes and Inheritance

• Code Reuse: Share common logic through parent classes.
• Clear Structure: Logical grouping of behavior and state.
• Extensibility: Easily extend functionality without modifying existing code.

Quick Recap

• Use class to define blueprints for objects.
• constructor() initializes object properties.
• Use extends to inherit from another class.
• super() calls the parent class constructor.
• Override methods by redefining them in the child class.

Test Your Understanding

Q: Can a subclass have its own methods along with inherited ones?

A: Yes, subclasses can define their own methods and also access or override methods from the parent class.

Q: Is class-based syntax mandatory in JavaScript?

A: No, but it’s the modern and recommended way to write object-oriented code over the older prototype-based approach.